Categoría: Destination

  • Aswan High Dam

    Aswan High Dam

    About

    Building on the success of the Low Dam, which was then in full use, the construction of the High Dam became a key government goal after the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. With its ability to better control flooding, store more water for irrigation, and generate hydroelectric power, the dam was seen as crucial to Egypt’s planned industrialization. it could be kept for several years for later publication.

    Construction history

    The first recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century when the Arab scholar and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known in the West as Alhazen) was ordered by the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim bi nach Egypt was invoked -Amr Allah to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task that required an early attempt at an Aswan dam. His fieldwork convinced him of the impracticability of this scheme.

    Aswan Low Dam (1898–1902)

    The British began building the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam opened on December 10, 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved a number of outstanding engineers including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose company John Aird & Co. was the main contractor

    Aswan High Dam prelude (1954–1960)

    The Free Officers were convinced that the water of the Nile had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months Daninos’ plan was approved.Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in supporting the development of the dam. The United States and United Kingdom offered to finance the construction of the high dam with a $270 million loan in exchange for Nasser’s leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. Egyptian President Nasser and Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev at the ceremony to divert the Nile during the construction of the Aswan High Dam, May 14, 1964.

    You Can View Our Aswan Tours Now

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam

    • Aswan High Dam Maps

    • Aswan High Dam Maps

    Construction and filling (1960–1976)

    The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The huge stone and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroelectric Projects Institute together with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams. The project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman’s Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman offered half less than his only competitor.

    1960: Construction began on January 9, 1964: The construction phase of the first dam was completed, the reservoir began to fill up. 1970: The High Dam, as-Sad al-‘Aali, was completed on July 21, 1976: the reservoir has reached its capacity

    Specifications

    The Aswan High Dam is 4,000 m (13,000 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at the top and 111 m (364 ft) deep, high or high. A maximum of 11,000 cubic meters per second (390,000 cu ft/s) of water can flow through the dam. There are other emergency spillways for an additional 5,000 cubic meters per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the Toshka Canal connects the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. It contains 132 cubic kilometers (1.73 × 1011 yd3) of water.

    Irrigation scheme

    The Aswan High Dam releases an average of 55 cubic kilometers (45,000,000 acreâ‹…ft) of water per year, of which about 46 cubic kilometers (37,000,000 acreâ‹…ft) is diverted into the canals. In the Nile Valley and Delta, nearly 336,000 square kilometers (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters, producing an average of 1.8 crops per year. a large number of underground drainage projects carried out in recent decades to control groundwater levels and soil salinity.

    Effects

    The high dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, increased agricultural production and employment, electricity generation and improved shipping, which also benefits tourism. One estimate put the annual economic benefit of the high dam immediately after its completion was 255 million LE, US$587 million using the 1970 exchange rate of US$2.30 per 1 LE): 140 million LE agricultural production, 100 million LE hydroelectric power generation, 10 LE million flood protection and LE 5 million improved navigation.

    Drought protection, agricultural production and employment

    The High Dam enabled Egypt to recover around 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country’s irrigated area by a third. and by managing 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) formerly used as flood control reservoirs, about half a million families settled on these new lands. -flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991, and better water availability contributed to this increase.

    Electricity production

    The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp) for a total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). percent in 1998) and gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time.


  • The Red Pyramid in Dahshur

    The Red Pyramid in Dahshur

    About

    The Red Pyramid, also known as the North Pyramid, is the largest pyramid at Dahshur in Giza, Egypt. Named for the rusty red color of its red limestones, this pyramid is also the third largest Egyptian pyramid, after the Pyramids of Khufu and Chephren in Giza. It is also believed to have been the first successful Egyptian attempt to build a «royal» smooth-sided pyramid. Locals refer to the Red Pyramid as the «Bat Pyramid». red.

    It was faced with white limestone from Tura, but few of these stones now remain at the base of the pyramid in the corner. During the Middle Ages, much of the white Tura limestone was used in buildings in Cairo, exposing the red limestone beneath.

    Isnad al-Haram 

    The reason for the attribution to Snefru was originally that the nearby necropolis contained only the tombs of that king’s officials. In addition, the judgment of King Pepi I found in the valley temple refers to the pyramid city of Snefru. This attribution can be confirmed, because in the area of ​​the associated temple a limestone block with remains of hieroglyphs was found at this point with the name of King Horus: Nebma’et (one of the royal titles of King Snofru)

    Exploration 

    The first description of the first two chambers of the pyramid comes from della Vallee when he visited the pyramid in the winter of 1615/1616. Edward Milton visited the Red Pyramid in 1660, as did the Bohemian Franciscan missionary Vaclav Remedios Protky in the 18th century. Map of the Dahshur pyramid field on a Lepsius map (north right!) Archaeological exploration of the Red Pyramid began with investigations by John Sherbering in 1839 and the Prussian Lepsius Expedition in 1843. From 1944, Abd al-Salam Husayn carried out a more detailed investigation and from 1951

    History 

    The first, the Meidum Pyramid at Meidum, collapsed in ancient times, while the second, the Leaning Pyramid of Sneferu, drastically changed its inclination angle from 54 to 43 degrees with construction. The result of this change was the slope of the curved pyramid, and the red pyramid then starts at a slope that is known to be less prone to instability and therefore less prone to catastrophic collapses

    You Can View Our Cairo Tours Now
    • Bricks_of_the_Red_Pyramid_in_Dahshur
    • Inside_Snofru’s_Red_Pyramid
    • Red Pyramid
    • Rote_Pyramide_(Dahschur)
    • Snofrus_Red_Pyramid_in_Dahshur_

    The modern era

    A corridor, 3 feet high and 4 feet wide, with a 27 degree drop over 200 feet to a short horizontal corridor leading into a room with a vaulted ceiling 40 feet (12 m) high and increasing ten degrees. At the southern end of the room, but facing west, another short horizontal corridor leads to the second room. This leads to a short horizontal corridor leading to the third and final room with a 50 15 m (ft) vaulted ceiling.

    pyramid 

    Using this angle of inclination, a height similar to that of the Leaning Pyramid of about 105 m (200 cubits) can be achieved by greatly increasing the length of the base to about 220 m (420 cubits). The pyramid is now in the mortuary area in front of the Red Pyramid and, like the pyramid cladding, is made of fine Torah limestone. This pyramid is steeper than the remaining remains of the Red Pyramid or the top of the older neighboring pyramid. from Sneferu (approx. 43 degrees) and is as steep as its bottom.

    Infrastructure 

    The entrance to the pyramid is on the north wall at a height of 28 meters and is offset 4 meters east of the central axis. The descending corridor descends 62.63 meters at an angle of 27 degrees to the base of the pyramid. From the south-west corner of the first antechamber, a 3 meter long corridor leads to the north-east corner of the second antechamber, which is located right in the middle of the pyramid. At a height of 7.6 meters on the south side of the chamber is the entrance to another 7 meter corridor leading to the royal burial chamber.

    Pyramid Complex

    Unlike other Fourth Dynasty pyramids, the Red Pyramid has no cult pyramid. This item may have been ruled out because the nearby Leaning Pyramid of Sneferu assumed its function as the symbolic southern tomb. The remains of the temple path have not been preserved. it has not yet been found, although it was certainly planned between the valley and the mortuary temple. However, this may not have been completed or even started. A larger brick building was found to the southeast of the complex, which appears to have housed workshops.

    Remains of an oven were also found here

    Perimeter wall 

    During Stadelmann’s excavations, the remains of a mud building were found in the north-east corner of the pyramid, which was immediately adjacent to a wall also made of mud. Additional exploratory excavations may test the enclosing wall around the pyramid. .The distance between the wall and the pyramid varies on all four sides: 15 to 16 meters on the north and south sides, 19 meters on the west side and 26 meters on the east side. Unlike the wall of the curved pyramid, it is not square but slightly east to west.

    Funerary temple

    The mortuary temple was largely destroyed and only survived in the form of a few primitive ruins. It is not yet the size of the mortuary temples of the later pyramids. In the center of the temple was a place of sacrifice with a false door. in the internal structure. It is no longer possible to determine whether these chapels were independent buildings or whether they were combined with the inner courtyard and temple to form a building complex. The north and south courtyards of the temple contain circular depressions that may have once been used as pits for plants or offerings.

    Valley Temple

    During agricultural work in the spring of 1904, remains of a 100 m by 65 m limestone enclosing wall were discovered. In the south-east corner of the walls there was a memorial stele with a decree from the pharaoh Pepi I Ludwig Borchardt, who secured the stele containing the find on the wall surrounding the pyramid city. According to Stadelmann, it is the area surrounding the Valley Temple, since the walls of the pyramid cities (except Giza) were made of mud brick. The wall found, with a thickness of 3.65 square meters, is made of yellow limestone and the white facades sloping on both sides correspond to the sacred architecture.

  • Colossi of Memnon

    Colossi of Memnon

    About

    The Colossi of Memnon (Arabic: el-Colossat or es-Salamat) are two huge stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III that stand in front of the ruined mortuary temple of Amenhotep III, the largest temple in the Theban necropolis. They stand since 1350 BC. C., and were known to the ancient Greeks and Romans as well as to early travelers and modern Egyptologists. The statues contain 107 Greek and Latin inscriptions from the Roman era, dated between 20 and 250 AD. c.; Many of these inscriptions on the northernmost statue refer to the Greek mythological king Memnon, whom the statue was then mistaken to represent. the entire Theban necropolis as Memnonium.

    Description

    The Colossi of Memnon (Arabic: el-Colossat or es-Salamat) are two giant stone statues of Pharaoh Amenhotep III that stand in front of the ruined mortuary temple of Amenhotep III, the largest temple in the Theban necropolis. The statues are made of blocks of quartzite sandstone quarried at el-Gabal el-Ahmar (near modern-day Cairo) and transported 675 km (420 miles) overland to Thebes (Luxor). The Colossi’s original function was to stand guard at the entrance to the memorial (or mortuary) temple of Amenhotep: a massive structure built during the Pharaoh’s lifetime, where he resided both before and after his departure from this world as god on earth worshiped.

    Roman era inscriptions

    The statues contain 107 Greek and Latin inscriptions from Roman times, dated between 20 and 250 AD; These inscriptions have enabled modern travelers to relate the statues to classical Greek and Latin literature.[3] Many of the inscriptions include the name «Memnon». They were first studied in detail by Jean-Antoine Letronne in his 1831 book La statue vocale de Memnon considérée dans ses rapports avec l’Égypte et la Grèce, and later cataloged in the second volume (1848) of his Recueil des inscriptions grecques et Latins de l’ Egypt.

    earthquake factors

    Shortly after its construction, the temple was destroyed by an earthquake recently estimated by the Armenian Institute of Seismology to be around 1200 BC. was dated. C., who only left the two huge colossi at the entrance. BC, after which they were partially rebuilt by the Roman authorities. These were the subject of extensive restorations and excavations by the Armenian-German archaeologist Hourig Sourouzian, who revealed that the complex consisted of three pylons, each containing colossal statues. while at the other end a rectangular temple complex consisted of a portico with columns.

    You Can View Our Luxor Tours Now
    • Ancient_Greek
    • Colossi_of_Memn
    • Colossi_of_Memn
    • Memnonis_crus_dexterum_

    Reason of named ?

    The modern Arabic name is Kom el-Hatan, but it is commonly known by its Roman name as the Temple of Memnon. Memnon (whose name means ‘firm’ or ‘resolute’) is said to have been the son of Eos, goddess of the dawn, he was associated with colossi built several centuries earlier, due to the reported dawning of the northern ones statue (see below). known as the Colossus of Memnon. In the 19th century William of Wiveleslie Abney remarked that «(the Arabs called these statues ‘Shama’ and ‘Tama’, and when speaking of them together they called them Sanamât or Idols.